American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.

The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road, also known as the First Battle of the Weldon Railroad, was a military engagement that took place during the American Civil War. It occurred between June 21 and June 23, 1864, in Virginia, near Petersburg.

At this stage of the war, Union forces under the command of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant were besieging Petersburg, a critical transportation hub and supply line for the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Weldon Railroad, also known as the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, was an essential Confederate supply route linking Petersburg with the rest of the Southern rail network.

In an effort to disrupt Confederate supply lines, Union forces launched an offensive to seize the Weldon Railroad. On June 21, 1864, Union troops under Major General Gouverneur K. Warren advanced along the Jerusalem Plank Road towards the railroad. They initially encountered light resistance but managed to reach the railroad and began tearing up the tracks.

However, Confederate reinforcements arrived, launching counterattacks on June 22 and 23. General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia engaged the Union forces, attempting to drive them back and protect the vital railroad. The fighting was intense and marked by heavy casualties on both sides.

Ultimately, the Confederate forces managed to repel the Union troops and force them to retreat from the Jerusalem Plank Road area. Although the Union forces had temporarily disrupted the railroad, they were unable to hold their positions or cut off the supply line effectively.

The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road demonstrated the tenacity and resilience of the Confederate forces in defending their supply lines and the difficulty faced by Union forces in their attempts to seize strategic points around Petersburg. The battle was part of the larger Siege of Petersburg, a prolonged campaign that lasted for nearly ten months and played a significant role in the eventual Union victory in the Civil War.

French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.

Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.

Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini is elected as Pope Paul VI.

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Pluto’s newly discovered moons are officially named Nix and Hydra.

Ellen Fairclough gets sworn in as Canada’s first female Cabinet Minister.

The Rt. Hon. Ellen Louks Fairclough. The addition of the title “Rt. Hon.” to her name may appear strange given that, in Canada, that title has normally been reserved for prime ministers, governors general and justices of the Supreme Court of Canada. And most of them have been men. However, on Canada Day in 1992, Queen Elizabeth II bestowed that title on Ellen Fairclough, almost 30 years after she left Parliament. It recognized her life of many achievements, the most notable being that she was the first woman to enter the federal Cabinet, on June 21, 1957. She was also elected to the House of Commons five times, a record unmatched by any other woman during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, Fairclough was responsible for Indian Affairs when, in 1960, many Aboriginal Canadians were given the right to vote. In January 2003, she celebrated her 98th birthday.

The early years
She was born Ellen Louks Cook, in Hamilton, Ontario, on Saturday, January 28, 1905, the third of five children in a fifth-generation Canadian family. On her mother Nellie’s side, she was descended from Huguenots and United Empire Loyalists who moved to Norfolk County from Vermont in 1790. Her paternal ancestors emigrated to Ancaster, Upper Canada, in 1802, from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Her father, Norman Ellsworth Cook, had farmed in Norfolk County, but the light soil did not produce sufficient crops and, in 1904, he moved his family to a house on the western edge of Hamilton. In her memoirs, Fairclough states, “Although we never went hungry, we were not an affluent family. Money was often hard to come by, especially when ‘hard times’ descended on Hamilton, which they seemed to do periodically.” When Ellen was nine, the family could not even afford each child’s school fees of 10 cents per month.

A life of long hours of work began early. When Ellen was 13, a flu epidemic swept the country. When most of her family fell ill, she was spared and, while caring for four very ill people, also had to prepare three meals a day for her father and two boarders, make beds, and give medication and other general nursing aid. She usually obtained high marks at school, but by today’s standards did not receive a lot of formal education. Her family could not afford “collegiate,” so instead she enrolled in a commercial studies program. Since taking a streetcar would cost five cents, she walked to school. She would learn secretarial work, which would pave the way for a series of bookkeeping jobs. Sundays consisted of morning attendance at Zion Methodist Church, bible study, Sunday school in the afternoon, playing the piano and singing – but only religious music. In 1921, at the age of 16, at a church-related social function, she met Gordon Fairclough. Ten years later they would elope to marry in Buffalo, New York. Their only child, Howard, was born 10 months later.

In those years, Fairclough does not appear ever to have thought of someday trying to be elected to Parliament, but she did serve in the trenches of the Conservative Party. She and Gordon joined the Junior Conservative Club and she would become the president of the local Young Conservatives organization and vice-president of the Young Conservatives of Ontario.

During a 10-year period, Fairclough held many clerical and bookkeeping jobs. In Saturday’s Child: Memoirs of Canada’s First Female Cabinet Minister, Margaret Conrad has written that “Ellen was an ambitious and enthusiastic recruit to the new bureaucratic processes, increasingly making her mark by her ability to ‘fix’ people’s muddled financial records.” She took several correspondence courses and earned accreditation as a general accountant, making her part of a very male-dominated profession. Her accounting practice grew and she became the Secretary for the Canadian Wholesale Grocers’ Association. Those duties included visits to Ottawa to meet departmental officials and members of Parliament.

The USA captures Guam from Spain.

The Tauranga Campaign of the New Zealand Land Wars ends.

China formally declares war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan.